Not to mention violent criminals, on-screen psychopaths such as Tom Ripley and Patrick Bateman are typically male. This may bolster the notion that the overwhelming majority of psychopaths are male, but an academic now argues that this perception may be erroneous. Dr. Clive Boddy, an expert at Anglia Ruskin University, asserts that female psychopaths are "more prevalent than we realise" due to the fact that studies have long been unable to identify them.